Illicit trafficking and abuse of narcotics constitute criminal offenses with far-reaching impacts on public health, security, and social life. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia also faces challenges in controlling narcotics trafficking, which involves various modus operandi and increasingly developed criminal networks. This study aims to analyze the criminal law regulation of narcotics offenses under Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and to identify obstacles to law enforcement as well as efforts that can be undertaken to address them. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials were obtained through library research, including legislation, court decisions, books, scholarly journals, and other legal sources relevant to the study. The legal materials were analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical method. The results show that Law No. 35 of 2009 regulates various forms of narcotics offenses, including possession, storage, control, production, and trafficking of narcotics. These provisions are accompanied by severe criminal penalties as well as rehabilitation provisions for addicts and victims of narcotics abuse. However, several obstacles remain in its implementation, including the increasingly sophisticated modus operandi of narcotics crimes, limited resources and capabilities of law enforcement officers, suboptimal inter-agency coordination, challenges in implementing rehabilitation programs, and ongoing concerns regarding the integrity of law enforcement officers. The necessary efforts include improving the capacity of law enforcement officers, strengthening inter-agency coordination, improving the rehabilitation system, and ensuring continuous oversight of law enforcement.